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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Technology</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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This article is about the use and knowledge of techniques and processes for producing goods and services. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology (disambiguation)">Technology (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> with the case opened. Such turbines produce most of the electricity that people use. Electricity consumption and living standards are highly correlated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Electrification is believed to be the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century.</div>
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<b>Technology</b> ("science of craft", from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τέχνη</span>, <i>techne</i>, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">-λογία</span>, <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logia" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:-logia">-logia</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liddell_1980_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-Liddell_1980-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>) is the collection of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_techniques_and_materials" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Art techniques and materials">techniques</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skill">skills</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/method" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:method">methods</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Business process">processes</a> used in the production of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Service (economics)">services</a> or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_investigation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientific investigation">scientific investigation</a>. Technology can be the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Machines">machines</a> to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings.</div>
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The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tool">tools</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> discovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Control of fire by early humans">how to control fire</a> and the later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheel">wheel</a> helped humans to travel in and control their environment. Developments in historic times, including the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a>, have lessened physical barriers to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communication">communication</a> and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. The steady progress of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military technology">military technology</a> has brought <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Weapon">weapons</a> of ever-increasing destructive power, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(weapon)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Club (weapon)">clubs</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>.</div>
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Technology has many effects. It has helped develop more advanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economy">economies</a> (including today's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_globalization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economic globalization">global economy</a>) and has allowed the rise of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conspicuous leisure">leisure class</a>. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earth's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. Innovations have always influenced the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a> of a society and raised new questions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics of technology">ethics of technology</a>. Examples include the rise of the notion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a> in terms of human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, and the challenges of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a>.</div>
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Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human condition">human condition</a> or worsens it. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a>, and similar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology, arguing that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Techno-progressivism">techno-progressivism</a> view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human condition">human condition</a>.</div>
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Contents</h2>
 <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Definition_and_usage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Definition and usage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Science.2C_engineering_and_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Science, engineering and technology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Paleolithic_.282.5_Ma.C2.A0.E2.80.93_10_ka.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Paleolithic (2.5 Ma – 10 ka)</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Stone_tools" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Stone tools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Fire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Fire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Clothing_and_shelter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Clothing and shelter</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Neolithic_through_classical_antiquity_.2810_ka.C2.A0.E2.80.93_300_CE.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Neolithic through classical antiquity (10 ka – 300 CE)</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Metal_tools" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Metal tools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Energy_and_transport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Energy and transport</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Medieval_and_modern_history_.28300_CE.C2.A0.E2.80.93_present.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Medieval and modern history (300 CE – present)</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Philosophy</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Technicism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Technicism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Optimism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Optimism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Skepticism_and_critics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Skepticism and critics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Appropriate_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Appropriate technology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Optimism_and_skepticism_in_the_21st_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Optimism and skepticism in the 21st century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Complex_technological_systems" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Complex technological systems</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Competitiveness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Competitiveness</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Other_animal_species" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Other animal species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Future_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Future technology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Definition_and_usage">Definition and usage</span></h2>
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The spread of paper and printing to the West, as in this<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, helped<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientist">scientists</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politician">politicians</a>communicate their ideas easily, leading to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>; an example of technology as cultural force.</div>
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The use of the term "technology" has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, and it was used either to refer to the description or study of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useful_arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Useful arts">useful arts</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> or to allude to technical education, as in the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (chartered in 1861).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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The term "technology" rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>. The term's meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>, translated ideas from the German concept of <i><a class="extiw" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technik" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="de:Technik">Technik</a></i> into "technology." In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between <i>technik</i>and <i>technologie</i> that is absent in English, which usually translates both terms as "technology." By the 1930s, "technology" referred not only to the study of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial arts">industrial arts</a> but to the industrial arts themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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In 1937, the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that "technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup> Bain's definition remains common among scholars today, especially social scientists. Scientists and engineers usually prefer to define technology as<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, rather than as the things that people make and use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> More recently, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of "technique" to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a>'s work on<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologies_of_the_self" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologies of the self">technologies of the self</a> (<i>techniques de soi</i>).</div>
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Dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Advanced_Learner%27s_English_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary</a></i> offers a definition of the term: "the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems" and "a machine, piece of equipment, method, etc., that is created by technology."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Franklin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ursula Franklin">Ursula Franklin</a>, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="High technology">high technology</a> or just <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, rather than technology as a whole.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a>, in<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_and_Time,_1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technics and Time, 1">Technics and Time, 1</a></i>, defines technology in two ways: as "the pursuit of life by means other than life," and as "organized inorganic matter."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbar_(tool)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crowbar (tool)">crowbar</a> or wooden <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spoon">spoon</a>, or more complex machines, such as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Space station">space station</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a>. Tools and machines need not be material;<span id="Virtual_technology"></span>virtual technology, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer software">computer software</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_method" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Business method">business methods</a>, fall under this definition of technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Brian_Arthur" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="W. Brian Arthur">W. Brian Arthur</a> defines technology in a similarly broad way as "a means to fulfill a human purpose."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup></div>
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The word "technology" can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. When combined with another term, such as "medical technology" or "space technology," it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-of-the-art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State-of-the-art">State-of-the-art</a> technology" refers to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="High technology">high technology</a> available to humanity in any field.</div>
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The invention of integrated circuits and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> (here, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> chip from 1971) led to the modern<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer revolution">computer revolution</a>.</div>
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Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup> Additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known. A modern example is the rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communication">communication</a> technology, which has lessened barriers to human interaction and as a result has helped spawn new subcultures; the rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberculture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyberculture">cyberculture</a> has at its basis the development of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer">computer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> Not all technology enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help facilitate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_oppression" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political oppression">political oppression</a> and war via tools such as guns. As a cultural activity, technology predates both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, each of which formalize some aspects of technological endeavor.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Science.2C_engineering_and_technology">Science, engineering and technology</span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light</div>
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The distinction between science, engineering, and technology is not always clear. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science">Science</a> is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup> Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Utility">utility</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Usability">usability</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Safety">safety</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This implies that some technologies are not product of science if they have utility, that seems wrong (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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Engineering is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal-oriented" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Goal-oriented">goal-oriented</a> process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Language">linguistic</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History">historical</a> knowledge, to achieve some practical result.</div>
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Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electron">electrons</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductors</a> by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines such as<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer">computers</a>, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a>, for example, it was widely considered in the United States that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>'s treatise on postwar science policy, <i>Science – The Endless Frontier</i>: "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature ... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup> In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious, though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of technology">History of technology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_electrical_and_electronic_engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering">Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Paleolithic_.282.5_Ma.C2.A0.E2.80.93_10_ka.29">Paleolithic (2.5 Ma – 10 ka)</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="324" data-file-width="728" height="98" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png/220px-Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png/330px-Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png/440px-Chopper_of_Dmanisi.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A primitive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chopper (archaeology)">chopper</a></div>
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Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a></div>
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The use of tools by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Homo (genus)">early humans</a> was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australopithecus afarensis">species</a> of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foraging">foraging</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominids" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hominids">hominids</a> which were already <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bipedal">bipedal</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup> with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup> Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Behavioral modernity">complex set of behaviors</a> emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Language">language</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Stone_tools">Stone tools</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="4060" data-file-width="4061" height="170" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg/170px-Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg/255px-Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg/340px-Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Hand axes from the<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acheulian">Acheulian</a> period</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clovis_Point.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="261" data-file-width="178" height="249" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clovis_Point.jpg/170px-Clovis_Point.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Clovis_Point.jpg 1.5x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_point" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a>, made via<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_reduction#Pressure_flaking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lithic reduction">pressure flaking</a></div>
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Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago. The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately 75,000 years ago,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_reduction#Pressure_flaking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lithic reduction">pressure flaking</a> provided a way to make much finer work.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Fire">Fire</span></h4>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></div>
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The discovery and utilization of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fire">fire</a>, a simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Energy">energy</a> source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup> The exact date of its discovery is not known; evidence of burnt animal bones at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a>suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1 Ma;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[26]</a></sup> scholarly consensus indicates that <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> had controlled fire by between 500 and 400 ka.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[28]</a></sup> Fire, fueled with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wood">wood</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Clothing_and_shelter">Clothing and shelter</span></h4>
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Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and shelter; the adoption of both technologies cannot be dated exactly, but they were a key to humanity's progress. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380 ka, humans were constructing temporary wood huts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[31]</a></sup> Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_migration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Historical migration">migrate</a> out of Africa by 200 ka and into other continents such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Neolithic_through_classical_antiquity_.2810_ka.C2.A0.E2.80.93_300_CE.29">Neolithic through classical antiquity (10 ka – 300 CE)</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1704" data-file-width="2560" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/220px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/330px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/440px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools</div>
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Human's technological ascent began in earnest in what is known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Period ("New Stone Age"). The invention of polished<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_axe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stone axe">stone axes</a> was a major advance that allowed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deforestation">forest clearance</a> on a large scale to create farms. This use of polished stone axes increased greatly in the Neolithic, but were originally used in the preceding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> in some areas such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[33]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>fed larger populations, and the transition to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sedentism">sedentism</a> allowed simultaneously raising more children, as infants no longer needed to be carried, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> ones must. Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> economy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_specialization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Labor specialization">labor specialization</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[36]</a></sup> What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, and the first civilizations, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> social structures and specialized labor, of trade and war amongst adjacent cultures, and the need for collective action to overcome environmental challenges such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, are all thought to have played a role.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[37]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Metal_tools">Metal tools</span></h4>
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Continuing improvements led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Furnace">furnace</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bellows">bellows</a> and provided, for the first time, the ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Smelting">smelt</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Forge">forge</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gold">gold</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lead">lead</a>  – native metals found in relatively pure form in nature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[38]</a></sup> The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times (about 10 ka).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[39]</a></sup> Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the working of metals led to the discovery of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloys" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alloys">alloys</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brass">brass</a> (about 4000 BCE). The first uses of iron alloys such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Steel">steel</a> dates to around 1800 BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[41]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_and_transport">Energy and transport</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheel_Iran.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="305" data-file-width="275" height="189" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wheel_Iran.jpg/170px-Wheel_Iran.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wheel_Iran.jpg/255px-Wheel_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Wheel_Iran.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheel_Iran.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheel">wheel</a> was invented circa 4000 BCE.</div>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></div>
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Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the sailboat; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat that dates back to the 8th millennium BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[42]</a></sup> From prehistoric times, Egyptians probably used the power of the annual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flooding of the Nile">flooding of the Nile</a> to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and "catch" basins. Similarly, the early peoples of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, learned to use the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers for much the same purposes. However, more extensive use of wind and water (and even human) power required another invention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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According to archaeologists, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheel">wheel</a> was invented around 4000 BCE probably independently and nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), the Northern Caucasus (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykop_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a>) and Central Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[43]</a></sup> Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 BCE with most experts putting it closer to 4000 BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[44]</a></sup> The oldest artifacts with drawings that depict wheeled carts date from about 3500 BCE;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[45]</a></sup> however, the wheel may have been in use for millennia before these drawings were made. There is also evidence from the same period for the use of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>. More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[46]</a></sup></div>
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The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads. Fast (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of pottery, but it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy (through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_and_modern_history_.28300_CE.C2.A0.E2.80.93_present.29">Medieval and modern history (300 CE – present)</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(economic_history)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Productivity improving technologies (economic history)">Productivity improving technologies (economic history)</a></div>
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Innovations continued through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> with innovations such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silk">silk</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_collar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Horse collar">horse collar</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Horseshoe">horseshoes</a> in the first few hundred years after the fall of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a> saw the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Simple machine">simple machines</a> (such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lever">lever</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Screw">screw</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulley">pulley</a>) being combined to form more complicated tools, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheelbarrow">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Windmill">windmills</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clock">clocks</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance</a> brought forth many of these innovations, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Printing press">printing press</a> (which facilitated the greater communication of knowledge), and technology became increasingly associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science">science</a>, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement. The advancements in technology in this era allowed a more steady supply of food, followed by the wider availability of consumer goods.</div>
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The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Automobile">automobile</a>revolutionized personal transportation.</div>
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Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Agricultural Revolution">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transport">transport</a>, driven by the discovery of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Steam power">steam power</a>. Technology took another step in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_industrial_revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second industrial revolution">second industrial revolution</a> with the harnessing of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to create such innovations as the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a>, and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flight">powered flight</a> and advancements in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Physics">physics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engineering">engineering</a>. The rise in technology has led to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> and broad<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> whose inhabitants rely on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Motor">motors</a> to transport them and their food supply. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Television">television</a>. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Airplane">airplane</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Automobile">automobile</a>.</div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="F-15">F-15</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="F-16">F-16</a> flying over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991.</div>
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The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Physics">physics</a>, the discovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>has led to both <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computers">Computers</a> were also invented and later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Miniaturization">miniaturized</a> utilizing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information technology">Information technology</a>subsequently led to the creation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which ushered in the current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>. Humans have also been able to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Space exploration">explore space</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Satellite">satellites</a> (later used for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>) and in manned missions going all the way to the moon. In medicine, this era brought innovations such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cardiac surgery">open-heart surgery</a> and later <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_treatments" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stem cell treatments">stem cell therapy</a> along with new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a> and treatments.</div>
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Complex <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Construction">construction</a> techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain these new technologies, and entire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industry">industries</a> have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education – their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require sophisticated general and specific training. Moreover, these technologies have become so complex that entire fields have been created to support them, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and other fields have been made more complex, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transportation">transportation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Architecture">architecture</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Technicism">Technicism</span></h3>
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Generally, technicism is the belief in the utility of technology for improving human societies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[47]</a></sup> Taken to an extreme, technicism "reflects a fundamental attitude which seeks to control reality, to resolve all problems with the use of scientific-technological methods and tools."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[48]</a></sup> In other words, human beings will someday be able to master all problems and possibly even control the future using technology. Some, such as <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_V._Monsma&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen V. Monsma (page does not exist)">Stephen V. Monsma</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Monsma_1986_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-Monsma_1986-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[49]</a></sup> connect these ideas to the abdication of religion as a higher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_authority" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Optimism">Optimism</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></div>
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Optimistic assumptions are made by proponents of ideologies such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singularitarianism">singularitarianism</a>, which view <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological evolution">technological development</a> as generally having beneficial effects for the society and the human condition. In these ideologies, technological development is morally good.</div>
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Transhumanists generally believe that the point of technology is to overcome barriers, and that what we commonly refer to as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human condition">human condition</a> is just another barrier to be surpassed.</div>
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Singularitarians believe in some sort of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_change" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Accelerating change">accelerating change</a>"; that the rate of technological progress accelerates as we obtain more technology, and that this will culminate in a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological singularity">Singularity</a>" after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> is invented in which progress is nearly infinite; hence the term. Estimates for the date of this Singularity vary,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[50]</a></sup> but prominent futurist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> estimates the Singularity will occur in 2045.</div>
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Kurzweil is also known for his history of the universe in six epochs: (1) the physical/chemical epoch, (2) the life epoch, (3) the human/brain epoch, (4) the technology epoch, (5) the artificial intelligence epoch, and (6) the universal colonization epoch. Going from one epoch to the next is a Singularity in its own right, and a period of speeding up precedes it. Each epoch takes a shorter time, which means the whole history of the universe is one giant Singularity event.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[51]</a></sup></div>
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Some critics see these ideologies as examples of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientism">scientism</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-utopianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Techno-utopianism">techno-utopianism</a> and fear the notion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human enhancement">human enhancement</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a> which they support. Some have described <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as a techno-optimist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[52]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Skepticism_and_critics">Skepticism and critics</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luddite">Luddite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconservatism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddites" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luddites">Luddites</a> smashing a power loom in 1812</div>
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On the somewhat skeptical side are certain philosophers like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a>, who believe that technological societies are inherently flawed. They suggest that the inevitable result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health.</div>
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Many, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddites" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luddites">Luddites</a> and prominent philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, hold serious, although not entirely, deterministic reservations about technology (see "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Question_Concerning_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Question Concerning Technology">The Question Concerning Technology</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heidegger_1977_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-Heidegger_1977-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[53]</a></sup>). According to Heidegger scholars <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a> and Charles Spinosa, "Heidegger does not oppose technology. He hopes to reveal the essence of technology in a way that 'in no way confines us to a stultified compulsion to push on blindly with technology or, what comes to the same thing, to rebel helplessly against it.' Indeed, he promises that 'when we once open ourselves expressly to the essence of technology, we find ourselves unexpectedly taken into a freeing claim.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[54]</a></sup> What this entails is a more complex relationship to technology than either techno-optimists or techno-pessimists tend to allow."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[55]</a></sup></div>
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Some of the most poignant criticisms of technology are found in what are now considered to be dystopian literary classics such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Goethe's Faust">Goethe's <i>Faust</i></a>, Faust selling his soul to the devil in return for power over the physical world is also often interpreted as a metaphor for the adoption of industrial technology. More recently, modern works of science fiction such as those by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> and films such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> project highly ambivalent or cautionary attitudes toward technology's impact on human society and identity.</div>
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The late cultural critic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Postman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a> distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he called "technopolies," societies that are dominated by the ideology of technological and scientific progress to the exclusion or harm of other cultural practices, values and world-views.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[56]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_Barney" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Darin Barney">Darin Barney</a> has written about technology's impact on practices of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> and democratic culture, suggesting that technology can be construed as (1) an object of political debate, (2) a means or medium of discussion, and (3) a setting for democratic deliberation and citizenship. As a setting for democratic culture, Barney suggests that technology tends to make <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics">ethical</a> questions, including the question of what a good life consists in, nearly impossible, because they already give an answer to the question: a good life is one that includes the use of more and more technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[57]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Nikolas Kompridis</a> has also <a class="external text" href="http://www.parrhesiajournal.org/parrhesia08/parrhesia08_kompridis.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">written</a> about the dangers of new technology, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robotics">robotics</a>. He warns that these technologies introduce unprecedented new challenges to human beings, including the possibility of the permanent alteration of our biological nature. These concerns are shared by other philosophers, scientists and public intellectuals who have written about similar issues (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bill Joy">William Joy</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[58]</a></sup></div>
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Another prominent critic of technology is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a>, who has published books such as <i>On the Internet</i> and <i>What Computers Still Can't Do</i>.</div>
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A more infamous anti-technological treatise is <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Industrial Society and Its Future">Industrial Society and Its Future</a></i>, written by the Unabomber <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a> and printed in several major newspapers (and later books) as part of an effort to end his bombing campaign of the techno-industrial infrastructure.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Appropriate_technology">Appropriate technology</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></div>
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The notion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a> was developed in the 20th century by thinkers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> to describe situations where it was not desirable to use very new technologies or those that required access to some centralized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> or parts or skills imported from elsewhere. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecovillage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecovillage">ecovillage</a>movement emerged in part due to this concern.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Optimism_and_skepticism_in_the_21st_century">Optimism and skepticism in the 21st century</span></h3>
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<i>This section mainly focuses on American concerns even if it can reasonably be generalized to other Western countries.</i></div>
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The inadequate quantity and quality of American jobs is one of the most fundamental economic challenges we face. [...] What's the linkage between technology and this fundamental problem?</div>
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<cite style="font-style: inherit;">— Bernstein, Jared, "It’s Not a Skills Gap That’s Holding Wages Down: It’s the Weak Economy, Among Other Things," in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Prospect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a>, October 2014</cite></div>
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In his article, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Bernstein" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jared Bernstein">Jared Bernstein</a>, a Senior Fellow at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Center on Budget and Policy Priorities">Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[59]</a></sup> questions the widespread idea that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Automation">automation</a>, and more broadly, technological advances, have mainly contributed to this growing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_market" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Labor market">labor market</a> problem. His thesis appears to be a third way between optimism and skepticism. Essentially, he stands for a neutral approach of the linkage between technology and American issues concerning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and declining wages.</div>
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He uses two main arguments to defend his point. First, because of recent technological advances, an increasing number of workers are losing their jobs. Yet, scientific evidence fails to clearly demonstrate that technology has displaced so many workers that it has created more problems than it has solved. Indeed,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Automation">automation</a> threatens repetitive jobs but higher-end jobs are still necessary because they complement technology and manual jobs that "requires flexibility judgment and common sense"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-:0-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[60]</a></sup> remain hard to replace with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine">machines</a>. Second, studies have not shown clear links between recent technology advances and the wage trends of the last decades.</div>
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Therefore, according to Bernstein, instead of focusing on technology and its hypothetical influences on current American increasing unemployment and declining wages, one needs to worry more about "bad policy that fails to offset the imbalances in demand, trade, income and opportunity."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-:0-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[60]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Complex_technological_systems">Complex technological systems</span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Hughes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas P. Hughes">Thomas P. Hughes</a> stated that because technology has been considered as a key way to solve problems, we need to be aware of its complex and varied characters to use it more efficiently.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-:1-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[61]</a></sup> What is the difference between a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheel">wheel</a> or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Compass">compass</a> and cooking machines such as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oven">oven</a> or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_stove" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gas stove">gas stove</a>? Can we consider all of them, only a part of them, or none of them as technologies?</div>
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Technology is often considered too narrowly; according to Hughes, "Technology is a creative process involving human ingenuity".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes.2C_Thomas_P._2004_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-Hughes.2C_Thomas_P._2004-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[62]</a></sup> This definition's emphasis on creativity avoids unbounded definitions that may mistakenly include cooking “technologies," but it also highlights the prominent role of humans and therefore their responsibilities for the use of complex technological systems.</div>
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Yet, because technology is everywhere and has dramatically changed landscapes and societies, Hughes argues that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Management">managers</a> have often believed that they can use technology to shape the world as they want. They have often supposed that technology is easily controllable and this assumption has to be thoroughly questioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-:1-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[61]</a></sup> For instance, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny_Morozov" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evgeny Morozov">Evgeny Morozov</a> particularly challenges two concepts: “Internet-centrism” and “solutionism."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[63]</a></sup> Internet-centrism refers to the idea that our society is convinced that the Internet is one of the most stable and coherent forces. Solutionism is the ideology that every social issue can be solved thanks to technology and especially thanks to the internet. In fact, technology intrinsically contains uncertainties and limitations. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Madrigal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexis Madrigal">Alexis Madrigal</a>'s review of Morozov's theory, to ignore it will lead to “unexpected consequences that could eventually cause more damage than the problems they seek to address."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[64]</a></sup>Benjamin R. Cohen and Gwen Ottinger also discussed the multivalent effects of technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[65]</a></sup></div>
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Therefore, recognition of the limitations of technology, and more broadly, scientific knowledge, is needed – especially in cases dealing with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and health issues. Ottinger continues this reasoning and argues that the ongoing recognition of the limitations of scientific knowledge goes hand in hand with scientists and engineers’ new comprehension of their role. Such an approach of technology and science "[require] technical professionals to conceive of their roles in the process differently. [They have to consider themselves as] collaborators in research and problem solving rather than simply providers of information and technical solutions."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[66]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Competitiveness">Competitiveness</span></h2>
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Technology is properly defined as any application of science to accomplish a function. The science can be leading edge or well established and the function can have high visibility or be significantly more mundane, but it is all technology, and its exploitation is the foundation of all competitive advantage.</div>
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Technology-based planning is what was used to build the US industrial giants before WWII (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Motors">GM</a>) and it is what was used to transform the US into a<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Superpower">superpower</a>. It was not economic-based planning.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_animal_species">Other animal species</span></h2>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tool use by animals">Tool use by animals</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Structures built by animals">Structures built by animals</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecosystem engineer">Ecosystem engineer</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorilla_tool_use.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="916" data-file-width="1370" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gorilla_tool_use.png/220px-Gorilla_tool_use.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gorilla_tool_use.png/330px-Gorilla_tool_use.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gorilla_tool_use.png/440px-Gorilla_tool_use.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorilla_tool_use.png" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
This adult <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a> uses a branch as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_stick" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walking stick">walking stick</a> to gauge the water's depth, an example of technology usage by non-human primates.</div>
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The use of basic technology is also a feature of other animal species apart from humans. These include primates such as<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[67]</a></sup> some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a> communities,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[68]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crow">crows</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[70]</a></sup> Considering a more generic perspective of technology as ethology of active environmental conditioning and control, we can also refer to animal examples such as beavers and their dams, or bees and their honeycombs.</div>
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The ability to make and use tools was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Homo (genus)">Homo</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[71]</a></sup> However, the discovery of tool construction among chimpanzees and related primates has discarded the notion of the use of technology as unique to humans. For example, researchers have observed wild chimpanzees utilising tools for foraging: some of the tools used include leaf sponges, termite fishing probes, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pestle">pestles</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lever">levers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[72]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_chimpanzee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West African chimpanzee">West African chimpanzees</a> also use stone hammers and anvils for cracking nuts,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[73]</a></sup> as do <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capuchin_monkey" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capuchin monkey">capuchin monkeys</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a>, Brazil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[74]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Future_technology">Future technology</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theories of technology">Theories of technology</a> often attempt to predict the future of technology based on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="High technology">high technology</a> and science of the time. As with all predictions of the future, however, technology's is uncertain.</div>
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Futurist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> predicts that the future of technology will be mainly consist of an overlapping "GNR Revolution" of Genetics, Nanotechnology, and Robotics, with robotics being the most important of the three.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[75]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></div>
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<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Book icon" data-file-height="48" data-file-width="48" height="30" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 166.844px;"><ul style="font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Book:Technology">Book: Technology</a></li>
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<li style="display: table-row; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="500" height="28" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></span><span style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></li>
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<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Architectural technology">Architectural technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Engineering_Achievements_of_the_20th_Century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century">Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of science and technology">History of science and technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_instrument" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law of the instrument">Law of the instrument</a> – Golden hammer</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of years in science">List of years in science</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_construction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niche construction">Niche construction</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Argentina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science and technology in Argentina">Science and technology in Argentina</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_tree" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology tree">Technology tree</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="-logy">-logy</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower#Possible_factors" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Superpower">Superpower § Possible factors</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0px;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Theories and concepts in technology</dt>
</dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_conception_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Instrumental conception of technology">Instrumental conception of technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_management" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology management">Technology management</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0px;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Economics of technology</dt>
</dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_accounting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Energy accounting">Energy accounting</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosocialism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(economic_history)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Productivity improving technologies (economic history)">Productivity improving technologies (economic history)</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_diffusion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological diffusion">Technological diffusion</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology lifecycle">Technology lifecycle</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0px;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Technology journalism</dt>
</dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i> (magazine)</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0px;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Other</dt>
</dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 style="background: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Energy Engineering Board; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth (1986). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=900" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Electricity in Economic Growth</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. pp. 16, 40. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-03677-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-03677-1">0-309-03677-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=National+Research+Council%3B+Division+on+Engineering+and+Physical+Sciences%3B+Energy+Engineering+Board%3B+Commission+on+Engineering+and+Technical+Systems%3B+Committee+on+Electricity+in+Economic+Growth&rft.btitle=Electricity+in+Economic+Growth&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-309-03677-1&rft.pages=16%2C+40&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Frecord_id%3D900&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Liddell_1980-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-Liddell_1980_2-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980). <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a>(Abridged Edition)</i>. United Kingdom: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-910207-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-910207-4">0-19-910207-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon+%28Abridged+Edition%29&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-910207-4&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Crabb, George (1823). <i>Universal Technological Dictionary, or Familiar Explanation of the Terms Used in All Arts and Sciences</i>. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 524 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Crabb&rft.btitle=Universal+Technological+Dictionary%2C+or+Familiar+Explanation+of+the+Terms+Used+in+All+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1823&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=524&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Mannix, Loretta H.; Stratton, Julius Adams (2005). <i>Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 190–92. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262195240" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0262195240">0262195240</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Stratton%2C+Julius+Adams&rft.aufirst=Loretta+H.&rft.aulast=Mannix&rft.btitle=Mind+and+Hand%3A+The+Birth+of+MIT&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0262195240&rft.pages=190-92&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"Technik Comes to America: Changing Meanings of Technology Before 1930".<i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>47</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Technik+Comes+to+America%3A+Changing+Meanings+of+Technology+Before+1930&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.volume=47&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"Technology and State Government". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>2</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Technology+and+State+Government&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">MacKenzie, Donald A.; Wajcman, Judy (1999). "Introductory Essay". <i>The Social Shaping of Technology</i> (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-19913-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-19913-5">0-335-19913-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Introductory+Essay&rft.au=Wajcman%2C+Judy&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.btitle=The+Social+Shaping+of+Technology&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-335-19913-5&rft.place=Buckingham&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/technology" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Technology | Definition of Technology by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Technology+%7C+Definition+of+Technology+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftechnology&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Franklin, Ursula (1999). <i>The Real World of Technology</i> (revised ed.). Scarborough: House of Anansi. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887848919" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780887848919">9780887848919</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.btitle=The+Real+World+of+Technology&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780887848919&rft.place=Scarborough&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/technology" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Technology"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Technology&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stiegler, Bernard (1998). <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_and_Time,_1:_The_Fault_of_Epimetheus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus">Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus</a></i>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 17, 82. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3041-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3041-5">0-8047-3041-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.aulast=Stiegler&rft.btitle=Technics+and+Time%2C+1%3A+The+Fault+of+Epimetheus&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8047-3041-5&rft.pages=17%2C+82&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> Stiegler has more recently stated that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> can no longer be defined as "organized inorganic matter," given that it is, rather, "the reorganization of the organic."<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stiegler, Bernard (2008). <i>L'avenir du passé: Modernité de l'archéologie</i>. La Découverte. p. 23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7071-5495-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/2-7071-5495-4">2-7071-5495-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.aulast=Stiegler&rft.btitle=L%27avenir+du+pass%C3%A9%3A+Modernit%C3%A9+de+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=2-7071-5495-4&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20150818090057/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c6/c6s5.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Industry, Technology and the Global Marketplace: International Patenting Trends in Two New Technology Areas"</a>. <i>Science and Engineering Indicators 2002</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c6/c6s5.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 18 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Industry%2C+Technology+and+the+Global+Marketplace%3A+International+Patenting+Trends+in+Two+New+Technology+Areas&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Engineering+Indicators+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Fseind02%2Fc6%2Fc6s5.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Arthur, W. Brian (2009). <i>The Nature of Technology</i>. New York: Free Press. p. 28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4405-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4405-0">978-1-4165-4405-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=W.+Brian&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Technology&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-4405-0&rft.pages=28&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Borgmann" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert Borgmann">Borgmann, Albert</a> (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/canadian_journal_of_sociology/v031/31.3borgmann.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Technology as a Cultural Force: For Alena and Griffin"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(fee required)</span>. <i>The Canadian Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 351–60.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjs.2006.0050" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1353/cjs.2006.0050</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Technology+as+a+Cultural+Force%3A+For+Alena+and+Griffin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.aulast=Borgmann&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.pages=351-60&rft.volume=31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fcanadian_journal_of_sociology%2Fv031%2F31.3borgmann.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcjs.2006.0050&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Macek, Jakub. <a class="external text" href="http://macek.czechian.net/defining_cyberculture.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Defining Cyberculture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Macek%2C+Jakub&rft.btitle=Defining+Cyberculture&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacek.czechian.net%2Fdefining_cyberculture.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/science" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Science"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Science&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fscience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217141847/http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intute">Intute</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 17 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Intute%3A+Science%2C+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Intute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intute.ac.uk%2Fsciences%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm#summary" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Science the Endless Frontier"</a>. National Science Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Vannevar&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.btitle=Science+the+Endless+Frontier&rft.date=1945-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fod%2Flpa%2Fnsf50%2Fvbush1945.htm%23summary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Wise, George (1985). "Science and Technology". <i>Osiris (2nd Series)</i>. <b>1</b>: 229–46. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368647" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1086/368647</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Science+and+Technology&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris+%282nd+Series%29&rft.pages=229-46&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F368647&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Guston, David H. (2000). <i>Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65318-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65318-5">0-521-65318-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.aulast=Guston&rft.btitle=Between+Politics+and+Science%3A+Assuring+the+Integrity+and+Productivity+of+Research&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-65318-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Mother of man – 3.2 million years ago"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Mother+of+man+%E2%80%93+3.2+million+years+ago&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Fprehistoric_life%2Fhuman%2Fhuman_evolution%2Fmother_of_man1.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423204038/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=212317" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Human Evolution"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=212317" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 23 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Human+Evolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fencyclopedia.do%3FarticleId%3D212317&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Wade, Nicholas (July 15, 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Early Voices: The Leap to Language"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Early+Voices%3A+The+Leap+to+Language&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.date=2003-07-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F07%2F15%2Fscience%2Fearly-voices-the-leap-to-language.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bower, Bruce (October 29, 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/10/stone-tool-sharpening/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stone Agers Sharpened Skills 55,000 Years Earlier Than Thought"</a>. <i>WIRED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Stone+Agers+Sharpened+Skills+55%2C000+Years+Earlier+Than+Thought&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fstone-tool-sharpening%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Crump, Thomas (2001). <i>A Brief History of Science</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable & Robinson</a>. p. 9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-235-X" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-235-X">1-84119-235-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Science&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84119-235-X&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=915" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs"</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Fossil+Hominid+Sites+of+Sterkfontein%2C+Swartkrans%2C+Kromdraai%2C+and+Environs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fpg.cfm%3Fcid%3D31%26id_site%3D915&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab10" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stone Age Man"</a>. History World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Man&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=History+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dab10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">James, Steven R. (February 1989). "Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Anthropology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743299" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2743299</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203705" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1086/203705</a>. <span style="color: #555555; font-size: 11.34px;">(Subscription required (<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.">help</span>))</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Hominid+Use+of+Fire+in+the+Lower+and+Middle+Pleistocene&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft.aulast=James&rft.date=1989-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.pages=1-26&rft.volume=30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203705&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stahl, Ann B. (1984). "Hominid dietary selection before fire". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Anthropology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (2): 151–68. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2742818" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2742818</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203106" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1086/203106</a>.<span style="color: #555555; font-size: 11.34px;">(Subscription required (<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.">help</span>))</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Hominid+dietary+selection+before+fire&rft.aufirst=Ann+B.&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.pages=151-68&rft.volume=25&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2742818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203106&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">O'Neil, Dennis. <a class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_College" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palomar College">Palomar College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Dennis&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Modern+Humans%3A+Archaic+Homo+sapiens+Culture&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Palomar+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fhomo2%2Fmod_homo_3.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Villa, Paola (1983). <i>Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 303.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09662-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09662-2">0-520-09662-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.btitle=Terra+Amata+and+the+Middle+Pleistocene+archaeological+record+of+southern+France&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-520-09662-2&rft.pages=303&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Cordaux, Richard; Stoneking, Mark (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>.<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Journal of Human Genetics">American Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>72</b> (6): 1586–90; author reply 1590–93.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180321" rel="nofollow" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">1180321</a> <img alt="Freely accessible" data-file-height="813" data-file-width="512" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Freely accessible" width="9" /></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817589" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">12817589</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375407" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1086/375407</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=South+Asia%2C+the+Andamanese%2C+and+the+Genetic+Evidence+for+an+%27Early%27+Human+Dispersal+out+of+Africa&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Cordaux&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=1586-90%3B+author+reply+1590-93&rft.volume=72&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180321&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.voila.fr%2Frcordaux%2Fpdfs%2F04.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F375407&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12817589&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Driscoll, Killian (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland.</i></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Killian&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.btitle=The+early+prehistory+in+the+west+of+Ireland%3A+Investigations+into+the+social+archaeology+of+the+Mesolithic%2C+west+of+the+Shannon%2C+Ireland.&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flithicsireland.ie%2Fmlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">University of Chicago Press Journals (January 4, 2006). <a class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=The+First+Baby+Boom%3A+Skeletal+Evidence+Shows+Abrupt+Worldwide+Increase+In+Birth+Rate+During+Neolithic+Period&rft.au=University+of+Chicago+Press+Journals&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F01%2F060103114116.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Sussman, Robert W.; Hall, Roberta L. (April 1972). "Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Anthropology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <b>13</b> (2): 258–67. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2740977" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2740977</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201274" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1086/201274</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Child+Transport%2C+Family+Size%2C+and+Increase+in+Human+Population+During+the+Neolithic&rft.au=Hall%2C+Roberta+L.&rft.au=Sussman%2C+Robert+W.&rft.date=1972-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.pages=258-67&rft.volume=13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2740977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201274&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ferraro, Gary P. (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=isGyuX9motEC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=labor+neolithic+population" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective</i></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thomson_Corporation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Thomson Corporation">The Thomson Corporation</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-03039-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-03039-2">0-495-03039-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Ferraro%2C+Gary+P.&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology%3A+An+Applied+Perspective&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-495-03039-2&rft.pub=The+Thomson+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DisGyuX9motEC%26pg%3DPA163%26lpg%3DPA163%26dq%3Dlabor%2Bneolithic%2Bpopulation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Patterson, Gordon M. (1992). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=labor+surplus+neolithic+population" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The ESSENTIALS of Ancient History</i></a>. Research & Education Association. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87891-704-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87891-704-4">978-0-87891-704-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span>2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Gordon+M.&rft.btitle=The+ESSENTIALS+of+Ancient+History&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87891-704-4&rft.pub=Research+%26+Education+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D8pKKwlEcpwYC%26pg%3DPA7%26lpg%3DPA7%26dq%3Dlabor%2Bsurplus%2Bneolithic%2Bpopulation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Cramb, Alan W. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108015008/http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/cramb/Processing/history.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"A Short History of Metals"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/cramb/Processing/history.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 8 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Alan+W&rft.aulast=Cramb&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Metals&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneon.mems.cmu.edu%2Fcramb%2FProcessing%2Fhistory.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Chisholm, Hugh (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=VANVAEjBG-QC&pg=PA708" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. p. 708<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Chisholm%2C+Hugh&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+dictionary+of+arts%2C+sciences%2C+literature+and+general+information&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=708&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DVANVAEjBG-QC%26pg%3DPA708&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey". <i>Anatolian Archeological Studies</i>. <b>14</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+the+composition+of+excavated+iron+fragments+taken+from+Stratum+III+at+the+site+of+Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk%2C+Turkey&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Archeological+Studies&rft.volume=14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329111924/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200903261611.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. March 26, 2009. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200903261611.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 29 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Ironware+piece+unearthed+from+Turkey+found+to+be+oldest+steel&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fholnus%2F001200903261611.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"The oldest representation of a Nile boat". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>81</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=The+oldest+representation+of+a+Nile+boat&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.volume=81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Potts, D. T. (2012). <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. p. 285.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=285&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Childe, V. Gordon (1928). <i>New Light on the Most Ancient East</i>. p. 110.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=V.+Gordon&rft.aulast=Childe&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+the+Most+Ancient+East&rft.date=1928&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=110&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Anthony, David A. (2007). <i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 67. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05887-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05887-3">0-691-05887-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-05887-3&rft.pages=67&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Gasser, Aleksander (March 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia"</a>. Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft.aulast=Gasser&rft.btitle=World%27s+Oldest+Wheel+Found+in+Slovenia&rft.date=2003-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Republic+of+Slovenia+Government+Communication+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukom.gov.si%2Fen%2Fmedia_room%2Fbackground_information%2Fculture%2Fworlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Breslin, Gerry, ed. (2011). "technicism". <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007437863" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780007437863">9780007437863</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=technicism&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780007437863&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"Philosophical and Ethical Problems of Technicism and Genetic Engineering".<i>Society for Philosophy and Technology</i>. <b>3</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Philosophical+and+Ethical+Problems+of+Technicism+and+Genetic+Engineering&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+for+Philosophy+and+Technology&rft.volume=3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Monsma_1986-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-Monsma_1986_49-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Monsma, Stephen V. (1986). <i>Responsible Technology</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0175-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0175-7">0-8028-0175-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Stephen+V.&rft.aulast=Monsma&rft.btitle=Responsible+Technology&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8028-0175-7&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans+Pub.+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Muehlhauser, Luke (November 10, 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://intelligence.org/ie-faq/#WhenWillTheSingularity" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Intelligence Explosion FAQ"</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.aulast=Muehlhauser&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Explosion+FAQ&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Machine+Intelligence+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.org%2Fie-faq%2F%23WhenWillTheSingularity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kurzweil, Ray (2005). "The Six Epochs". <i>The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology</i>. Penguin. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101218884" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781101218884">9781101218884</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=The+Six+Epochs&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+is+Near%3A+When+Humans+Transcend+Biology&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9781101218884&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Hughes, James. <a class="external text" href="http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Democratic Transhumanism 2.0"</a>. <i>Changesurfer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transhumanism+2.0&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Changesurfer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changesurfer.com%2FAcad%2FDemocraticTranshumanism.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Heidegger_1977-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-Heidegger_1977_53-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Lovitt, William (1977). "The Question Concerning Technology". <a class="external text" href="http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/Anno/Heidegger%20The%20Question%201954.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays</i></a>. Harper Torchbooks. pp. 3–35.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-613-91314-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-613-91314-0">0-613-91314-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">21 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=The+Question+Concerning+Technology&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Lovitt&rft.btitle=The+Question+Concerning+Technology+and+Other+Essays&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-613-91314-0&rft.pages=3-35&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com%2FAnno%2FHeidegger%2520The%2520Question%25201954.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Heidegger, Martin (1977). "The Question Concerning Technology". <i>The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays</i>. Translated by Lovitt, W. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 25–26.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=The+Question+Concerning+Technology&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Heidegger&rft.btitle=The+Question+Concerning+Technology+and+Other+Essays&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=25-26&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Dreyfus, Hubert; Spinosa, Charles (2006). "Further Reflections on Heidegger, Technology, and the Everyday". In Kompridis, Nikolas. <i>Philosophical Romanticism</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 265–81.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Further+Reflections+on+Heidegger%2C+Technology%2C+and+the+Everyday&rft.au=Spinosa%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Romanticism&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=265-81&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Postman, Neil (1993). <i>Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology</i>. New York: Vintage.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.aulast=Postman&rft.btitle=Technopoly%3A+The+Surrender+of+Culture+to+Technology&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Barney, Darin (2007). <i>One Nation Under Google</i>. Toronto: House of Anansi Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Darin&rft.aulast=Barney&rft.btitle=One+Nation+Under+Google&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"Technology's Challenge to Democracy". <i>Parrhesia</i>. <b>8</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Technology%27s+Challenge+to+Democracy&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parrhesia&rft.volume=8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbpp.org/jared-bernstein" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Jared Bernstein"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.btitle=Jared+Bernstein&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Center+for+Budget+and+Policy+Priorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbpp.org%2Fjared-bernstein&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-:0_60-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-:0_60-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"It’s Not a Skills Gap That’s Holding Wages Down: It's the Weak Economy, Among Other Things". <i>The American Prospect</i>. <b>25</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=It%E2%80%99s+Not+a+Skills+Gap+That%E2%80%99s+Holding+Wages+Down%3A+It%27s+the+Weak+Economy%2C+Among+Other+Things&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.volume=25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-:1_61-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-:1_61-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Hughes, Thomas P. (2004). <i>Human-Built World: How to Think About Technology and Culture</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–11.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226359335" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780226359335">9780226359335</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.btitle=Human-Built+World%3A+How+to+Think+About+Technology+and+Culture&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226359335&rft.pages=1-11&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hughes.2C_Thomas_P._2004-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-Hughes.2C_Thomas_P._2004_62-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Thomas P. (2004) “Introduction: Complex Technology” (1–11) in "Human-Built World: How to Think About Technology and Culture"</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Morozov, Evgeny (2013). <i>To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism</i>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610391399" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781610391399">9781610391399</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft.aulast=Morozov&rft.btitle=To+Save+Everything%2C+Click+Here%3A+The+Folly+of+Technological+Solutionism&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781610391399&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Madrigal, Alexis C. (March 13, 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/03/toward-a-complex-realistic-and-moral-tech-criticism/273996/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Toward a Complex, Realistic, and Moral Tech Criticism"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Complex%2C+Realistic%2C+and+Moral+Tech+Criticism&rft.aufirst=Alexis+C.&rft.aulast=Madrigal&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2013%2F03%2Ftoward-a-complex-realistic-and-moral-tech-criticism%2F273996%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Cohen, Benjamin; Ottinger, Gwen (2011). "Introduction: Environmental Justice and the Transformation of Science and Engineering". In Ottinger, Gwen; Cohen, Benjamin. <i>Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 1–18. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262015790" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780262015790">9780262015790</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Environmental+Justice+and+the+Transformation+of+Science+and+Engineering&rft.au=Ottinger%2C+Gwen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.btitle=Technoscience+and+Environmental+Justice%3A+Expert+Cultures+in+a+Grassroots+Movement&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780262015790&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ottinger, Gwen (2011). "Rupturing Engineering Education: Opportunities for Transforming Expert Identities Through Community-Based Projects". In Ottinger, Gwen; Cohen, Benjamin. <i>Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 229–48.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262015790" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780262015790">9780262015790</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Rupturing+Engineering+Education%3A+Opportunities+for+Transforming+Expert+Identities+Through+Community-Based+Projects&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft.aulast=Ottinger&rft.btitle=Technoscience+and+Environmental+Justice%3A+Expert+Cultures+in+a+Grassroots+Movement&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780262015790&rft.pages=229-48&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Sagan, Carl; Druyan, Ann; Leakey, Richard. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921062716/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/origins/hominid_journey/optional3.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Chimpanzee Tool Use"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb//anthro2003/origins/hominid_journey/optional3.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 21 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.au=Druyan%2C+Ann&rft.au=Leakey%2C+Richard&rft.au=Sagan%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+Tool+Use&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mc.maricopa.edu%2Fdept%2Fd10%2Fasb%2F%2Fanthro2003%2Forigins%2Fhominid_journey%2Foptional3.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Rincon, Paul (June 7, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4613709.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Sponging dolphins learn from mum"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Sponging+dolphins+learn+from+mum&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4613709.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Schmid, Randolph E. (October 4, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21135366/#.WCYQR9IrLIU" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Crows use tools to find food"</a>. <i>NBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Crows+use+tools+to+find+food&rft.aufirst=Randolph+E.&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F21135366%2F%23.WCYQR9IrLIU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Rutz, C.; Bluff, L.A.; Weir, A.A.S.; Kacelnik, A. (4 October 2007). "Video cameras on wild birds". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>318</b> (5851): 765.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318..765R" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2007Sci...318..765R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1146788" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1126/science.1146788</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Video+cameras+on+wild+birds&rft.au=Bluff%2C+L.A.&rft.au=Kacelnik%2C+A.&rft.au=Rutz%2C+C.&rft.au=Weir%2C+A.A.S.&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5851&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=765&rft.volume=318&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...318..765R&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1146788&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Oakley, K. P. (1976). <i>Man the Tool-Maker</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226612706" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780226612706">9780226612706</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=K.+P.&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.btitle=Man+the+Tool-Maker&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226612706&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">McGrew, W. C (1992). <i>Chimpanzee Material Culture</i>. Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42371-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42371-7">978-0-521-42371-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.aufirst=W.+C&rft.aulast=McGrew&rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+Material+Culture&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42371-7&rft.place=Cambridge+u.a.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Boesch, Christophe; Boesch, Hedwige (1984). "Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Primates (journal)">Primates</a></i>. <b>25</b>(2): 160–70. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02382388" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/BF02382388</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Mental+map+in+wild+chimpanzees%3A+An+analysis+of+hammer+transports+for+nut+cracking&rft.au=Boesch%2C+Hedwige&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.aulast=Boesch&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Primates&rft.pages=160-70&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02382388&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Brahic, Catherine (January 15, 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16426-nut-cracking-monkeys-find-the-right-tool-for-the-job/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Nut-cracking monkeys find the right tool for the job"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Nut-cracking+monkeys+find+the+right+tool+for+the+job&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.aulast=Brahic&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn16426-nut-cracking-monkeys-find-the-right-tool-for-the-job%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology#cite_ref-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kurzweil, Ray (2005). "GNR: Three Overlapping Revolutions". <i>The Singularity is Near</i>. Penguin. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101218884" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781101218884">9781101218884</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=GNR%3A+Three+Overlapping+Revolutions&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+is+Near&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9781101218884&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
</ol>
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<h2 style="background: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
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Find more about<b style="display: block;">Technology</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 31px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 31px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="391" data-file-width="391" height="27" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="27" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technology" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:Special:Search/Technology">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 31px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 31px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" height="27" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technology" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="c:Special:Search/Technology">Media</a> from Commons</span></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 31px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 31px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="355" data-file-width="300" height="27" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technology" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="q:Special:Search/Technology">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 31px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 31px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="430" data-file-width="410" height="27" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="26" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technology" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Special:Search/Technology">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 31px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 31px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="27" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="27" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technology" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="b:Special:Search/Technology">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 31px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 31px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1000" height="24" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="27" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Technology" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="v:Special:Search/Technology">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ambrose, Stanley H. (2 March 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/ambrose01science.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution"</a> <span style="font-size: 11.9px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <i>Science</i>. <b>291</b>(5509): 1748–53. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...291.1748A" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2001Sci...291.1748A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249821" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">11249821</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059487" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1126/science.1059487</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Paleolithic+Technology+and+Human+Evolution&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+Stanley+H.&rft.date=2001-03-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5509&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1748-53&rft.volume=291&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.isrl.uiuc.edu%2F~junwang4%2Flangev%2Flocalcopy%2Fpdf%2Fambrose01science.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...291.1748A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1059487&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11249821&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newtechnologyandsociety.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment</i></a>, New Society Publishers, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865717044" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0865717044">0865717044</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Kremer">Kremer, Michael</a> (1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quarterly Journal of Economics">Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i>. The MIT Press. <b>108</b> (3): 681–716. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2118405</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2118405" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.2307/2118405</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology&rft.atitle=Population+Growth+and+Technological+Change%3A+One+Million+B.C.+to+1990&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Kremer&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.pages=681-716&rft.volume=108&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2118405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2118405&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kevin Kelly</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Technology_Wants" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="What Technology Wants">What Technology Wants</a></i>. New York, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>, 14 October 2010, hardcover, 416 pages. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02215-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02215-1">978-0-670-02215-1</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lewis Mumford">Mumford, Lewis</a>. (2010). <i>Technics and Civilization.</i> University of Chicago Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226550273" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0226550273">0226550273</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a>. (2000). <i>Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World.</i> Simon & Schuster, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684863111" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0684863111">0684863111</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Teich, A.H. (2008). <i>Technology and the Future.</i> Wadsworth Publishing, 11th edition, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0495570524" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0495570524">0495570524</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wright, R.T. (2008). <i>Technology.</i> Goodheart-Wilcox Company, 5th edition, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590707184" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1590707184">1590707184</a>.</li>
</ul>
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<li id="n-currentevents" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li>
<li id="n-randompage" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="x" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Load a random article [alt-shift-x]">Random article</a></li>
<li id="n-sitesupport" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="n-shoplink" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://shop.wikimedia.org/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</a></li>
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Interaction</h3>
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<li id="n-help" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li>
<li id="n-aboutsite" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="n-portal" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li>
<li id="n-recentchanges" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="r" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [alt-shift-r]">Recent changes</a></li>
<li id="n-contactpage" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</a></li>
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Tools</h3>
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<li id="t-whatlinkshere" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="j" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [alt-shift-j]">What links here</a></li>
<li id="t-recentchangeslinked" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="k" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Technology" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [alt-shift-k]">Related changes</a></li>
<li id="t-upload" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="u" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Upload files [alt-shift-u]">Upload file</a></li>
<li id="t-specialpages" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="q" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A list of all special pages [alt-shift-q]">Special pages</a></li>
<li id="t-permalink" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology&oldid=797554931" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li>
<li id="t-info" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology&action=info" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li>
<li id="t-wikibase" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="g" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11016" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Link to connected data repository item [alt-shift-g]">Wikidata item</a></li>
<li id="t-cite" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Technology&id=797554931" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li>
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Print/export</h3>
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<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0px;">
<li id="coll-create_a_book" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Create a book</a></li>
<li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Technology&action=show-selection-screen&coll-download-url=%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSpecial%3ABook%26bookcmd%3Drender_article%26arttitle%3DTechnology%26returnto%3DTechnology%26oldid%3D797554931%26writer%3Drdf2latex" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Download as PDF</a></li>
<li id="t-print" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a accesskey="p" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology&printable=yes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Printable version of this page [alt-shift-p]">Printable version</a></li>
</ul>
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In other projects</h3>
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<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology" hreflang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Wikimedia Commons</a></li>
<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Technology" hreflang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Wikiquote</a></li>
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Languages</h3>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegnologie" hreflang="af" lang="af" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tegnologie – Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="als" lang="als" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – Alemannisch">Alemannisch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%96%E1%8B%8E%E1%88%8E%E1%8C%82" hreflang="am" lang="am" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ቴክኖዎሎጂ – Amharic">አማርኛ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searucr%C3%A6ft" hreflang="ang" lang="ang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Searucræft – Old English">Ænglisc</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" hreflang="ar" lang="ar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="تكنولوجيا – Arabic">العربية</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnoloch%C3%ADa" hreflang="an" lang="an" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnolochía – Aragonese">Aragonés</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" hreflang="as" lang="as" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="প্ৰযুক্তি – Assamese">অসমীয়া</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teunolox%C3%ADa" hreflang="ast" lang="ast" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teunoloxía – Asturian">Asturianu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lura%C3%B1_y%C3%A4naka" hreflang="ay" lang="ay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lurañ yänaka – Aymara">Aymar aru</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texnologiya" hreflang="az" lang="az" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Texnologiya – Azerbaijani">Azərbaycanca</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" hreflang="bn" lang="bn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="প্রযুক্তি – Bangla">বাংলা</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="map-bms" lang="map-bms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Basa Banyumasan">Basa Banyumasan</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="ba" lang="ba" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Bashkir">Башҡортса</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" hreflang="be" lang="be" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Тэхналогія – Belarusian">Беларуская</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" hreflang="be-x-old" lang="be-x-old" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Тэхналёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" hreflang="bh" lang="bh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="टेक्नालॉजी – Bhojpuri">भोजपुरी</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="bg" lang="bg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Bulgarian">Български</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="bar" lang="bar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – Bavarian">Boarisch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologija" hreflang="bs" lang="bs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnologija – Bosnian">Bosanski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologiezh" hreflang="br" lang="br" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologiezh – Breton">Brezhoneg</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" hreflang="bxr" lang="bxr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технологи – Russia Buriat">Буряад</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia" hreflang="ca" lang="ca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologia – Catalan">Català</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolohiya" hreflang="ceb" lang="ceb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolohiya – Cebuano">Cebuano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="cs" lang="cs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – Czech">Čeština</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoleg" hreflang="cy" lang="cy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technoleg – Welsh">Cymraeg</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="da" lang="da" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Danish">Dansk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waerkzeichheit" hreflang="pdc" lang="pdc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Waerkzeichheit – Pennsylvania German">Deitsch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Technologie" hreflang="de" lang="de" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allgemeine Technologie – German">Deutsch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnoloogia" hreflang="et" lang="et" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnoloogia – Estonian">Eesti</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" hreflang="el" lang="el" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Τεχνολογία – Greek">Ελληνικά</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADa" hreflang="es" lang="es" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnología – Spanish">Español</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologio" hreflang="eo" lang="eo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologio – Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologia" hreflang="eu" lang="eu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologia – Basque">Euskara</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" hreflang="fa" lang="fa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="فناوری – Persian">فارسی</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – French">Français</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" hreflang="fy" lang="fy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology – Western Frisian">Frysk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologjie" hreflang="fur" lang="fur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologjie – Friulian">Furlan</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teicneola%C3%ADocht" hreflang="ga" lang="ga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teicneolaíocht – Irish">Gaeilge</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87haghnoaylleeaght" hreflang="gv" lang="gv" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Çhaghnoaylleeaght – Manx">Gaelg</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teicne%C3%B2las" hreflang="gd" lang="gd" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teicneòlas – Scottish Gaelic">Gàidhlig</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolox%C3%ADa" hreflang="gl" lang="gl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnoloxía – Galician">Galego</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%86%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%A7%80" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="테크놀로지 – Korean">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" hreflang="ha" lang="ha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology – Hausa">Hausa</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" hreflang="hy" lang="hy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Տեխնոլոգիա – Armenian">Հայերեն</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" hreflang="hi" lang="hi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="प्रौद्योगिकी – Hindi">हिन्दी</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologija" hreflang="hr" lang="hr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnologija – Croatian">Hrvatski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologio" hreflang="io" lang="io" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologio – Ido">Ido</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nka_na_Uzu" hreflang="ig" lang="ig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nka na Uzu – Igbo">Igbo</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolohia" hreflang="ilo" lang="ilo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolohia – Iloko">Ilokano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="id" lang="id" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Indonesian">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologia" hreflang="ia" lang="ia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologia – Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologie" hreflang="ie" lang="ie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologie – Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%93%87%E1%95%90%E1%95%88%E1%91%8F%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%8A%E1%91%91%E1%91%8E%E1%96%8F%E1%91%95%E1%93%97_%E1%96%83%E1%90%85%E1%94%A8%E1%92%AA%E1%94%AD%E1%90%85%E1%93%82%E1%96%93" hreflang="iu" lang="iu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᑑᑎᖏᑕᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓂᖓ – Inuktitut">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITeknoloji" hreflang="xh" lang="xh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ITeknoloji – Xhosa">IsiXhosa</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6kni" hreflang="is" lang="is" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tækni – Icelandic">Íslenska</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia" hreflang="it" lang="it" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologia – Italian">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" hreflang="he" lang="he" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="טכנולוגיה – Hebrew">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8knologi" hreflang="jv" lang="jv" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tèknologi – Javanese">Basa Jawa</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" hreflang="kn" lang="kn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="krc" lang="krc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Karachay-Balkar">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" hreflang="ka" lang="ka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ტექნოლოგია – Georgian">ქართული</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="kk" lang="kk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Kazakh">Қазақша</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolojia" hreflang="sw" lang="sw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolojia – Swahili">Kiswahili</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknoloji" hreflang="ht" lang="ht" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknoloji – Haitian Creole">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknoloj%C3%AE" hreflang="ku" lang="ku" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolojî – Kurdish">Kurdî</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="ky" lang="ky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Kyrgyz">Кыргызча</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" hreflang="lo" lang="lo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ເຕັກໂນໂລຊີ – Lao">ລາວ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologia" hreflang="la" lang="la" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologia – Latin">Latina</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnolo%C4%A3ija" hreflang="lv" lang="lv" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnoloģija – Latvian">Latviešu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologija" hreflang="lt" lang="lt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologija – Lithuanian">Lietuvių</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="li" lang="li" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – Limburgish">Limburgs</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mi%27irlarcu" hreflang="jbo" lang="jbo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="mi'irlarcu – Lojban">La .lojban.</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technol%C3%B3gia" hreflang="hu" lang="hu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technológia – Hungarian">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekn%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" hreflang="mg" lang="mg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknôlôjia – Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" hreflang="ml" lang="ml" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="സാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ – Malayalam">മലയാളം</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" hreflang="mr" lang="mr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="तंत्रज्ञान – Marathi">मराठी</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" hreflang="xmf" lang="xmf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ტექნოლოგია – Mingrelian">მარგალური</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="ms" lang="ms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Malay">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologie" hreflang="mwl" lang="mwl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologie – Mirandese">Mirandés</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" hreflang="mn" lang="mn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технологи – Mongolian">Монгол</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" hreflang="my" lang="my" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="နည်းပညာ – Burmese">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="nl" lang="nl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – Dutch">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" hreflang="ne" lang="ne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="प्रविधि – Nepali">नेपाली</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" hreflang="new" lang="new" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="प्रविधि – Newari">नेपाल भाषा</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" hreflang="ja" lang="ja" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="テクノロジー – Japanese">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" hreflang="ce" lang="ce" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технологи – Chechen">Нохчийн</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="no" lang="no" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Norwegian">Norsk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="nn" lang="nn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Norwegian Nynorsk">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="nrm" lang="nrm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – Norman">Nouormand</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia" hreflang="oc" lang="oc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologia – Occitan">Occitan</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" hreflang="mhr" lang="mhr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технологий – Eastern Mari">Олык марий</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" hreflang="or" lang="or" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତି ବିଦ୍ୟା – Odia">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeknooloojii" hreflang="om" lang="om" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teeknooloojii – Oromo">Oromoo</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texnologiya" hreflang="uz" lang="uz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Texnologiya – Uzbek">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" hreflang="pa" lang="pa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ਤਕਨੀਕੀ – Punjabi">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" hreflang="pnb" lang="pnb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ٹیکنالوجی – Western Punjabi">پنجابی</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologia" hreflang="pap" lang="pap" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologia – Papiamento">Papiamentu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" hreflang="ps" lang="ps" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ټکنالوجي – Pashto">پښتو</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknalaji" hreflang="jam" lang="jam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknalaji – Jamaican Creole English">Patois</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" hreflang="km" lang="km" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="បច្ចេកវិទ្យា – Khmer">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolodjie" hreflang="pcd" lang="pcd" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolodjie – Picard">Picard</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologia" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologia – Polish">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tecnologia – Portuguese">Português</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texnologiya" hreflang="kaa" lang="kaa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Texnologiya – Kara-Kalpak">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologie" hreflang="ro" lang="ro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnologie – Romanian">Română</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allwiya_kamay" hreflang="qu" lang="qu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allwiya kamay – Quechua">Runa Simi</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" hreflang="rue" lang="rue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технолоґія – Rusyn">Русиньскый</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="ru" lang="ru" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Russian">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="sah" lang="sah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Sakha">Саха тыла</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" hreflang="sco" lang="sco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology – Scots">Scots</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologjia" hreflang="sq" lang="sq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologjia – Albanian">Shqip</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" hreflang="si" lang="si" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="තාක්‍ෂණය – Sinhala">සිංහල</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" hreflang="simple" lang="simple" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology – Simple English">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" hreflang="sd" lang="sd" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ٽيڪنالاجي – Sindhi">سنڌي</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technol%C3%B3gia" hreflang="sk" lang="sk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technológia – Slovak">Slovenčina</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologija" hreflang="sl" lang="sl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnologija – Slovenian">Slovenščina</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7" hreflang="ckb" lang="ckb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="تەکنۆلۆژیا – Central Kurdish">کوردی</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технологија – Serbian">Српски / srpski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologija" hreflang="sh" lang="sh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehnologija – Serbo-Croatian">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9hnologi" hreflang="su" lang="su" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Téhnologi – Sundanese">Basa Sunda</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologia" hreflang="fi" lang="fi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologia – Finnish">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi" hreflang="sv" lang="sv" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknologi – Swedish">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolohiya" hreflang="tl" lang="tl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolohiya – Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" hreflang="ta" lang="ta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="தொழிநுட்பம் – Tamil">தமிழ்</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="tt" lang="tt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технология – Tatar">Татарча/tatarça</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" hreflang="te" lang="te" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="సాంకేతిక విజ్ఞానం – Telugu">తెలుగు</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolojia" hreflang="tet" lang="tet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolojia – Tetum">Tetun</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5" hreflang="th" lang="th" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="เทคโนโลยี – Thai">ไทย</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" hreflang="tg" lang="tg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Фанноварӣ – Tajik">Тоҷикӣ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknoloji" hreflang="tr" lang="tr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknoloji – Turkish">Türkçe</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" hreflang="uk" lang="uk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Технологія – Ukrainian">Українська</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" hreflang="ur" lang="ur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ٹیکنالوجی – Urdu">اردو</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teno%C5%82ogia" hreflang="vec" lang="vec" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tenołogia – Venetian">Vèneto</a></li>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknoloogia" hreflang="fiu-vro" lang="fiu-vro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknoloogia – Võro">Võro</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie" hreflang="vls" lang="vls" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technologie – West Flemish">West-Vlams</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolohiya" hreflang="war" lang="war" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknolohiya – Waray">Winaray</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thekinoloji" hreflang="ts" lang="ts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thekinoloji – Tsonga">Xitsonga</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" hreflang="yi" lang="yi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="טעכנאלאגיע – Yiddish">ייִדיש</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9kn%E1%BB%8D%CC%81l%E1%BB%8D%CC%81j%C3%AC" hreflang="yo" lang="yo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tẹknọ́lọ́jì – Yoruba">Yorùbá</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" hreflang="zh-yue" lang="zh-yue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="技術 – Cantonese">粵語</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" hreflang="bat-smg" lang="bat-smg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknuoluogėjė – Samogitian">Žemaitėška</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" hreflang="zh" lang="zh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="技术 – Chinese">中文</a></li>
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